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For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students. Internal validity is the degree of confidence that the causal relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables. Defining your variables, and deciding how you will manipulate and measure them, […]

Yes, you can create a stratified sample using multiple characteristics, but you must ensure that every participant in your study belongs to one and only one subgroup. In this case, you multiply the numbers of subgroups for each characteristic to get the total number of groups. Researcher-administered questionnaires are interviews that take place by phone,